1An arch of colours visible in the sky, caused by the refraction and dispersion of the sun's light by rain or other water droplets in the atmosphere. The colours of the rainbow are generally said to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
noun
Phrases
OriginPronunciationrainbow/ËreɪnbÉÊ/Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. rain·bow(rÄnâ²bÅâ²)n.1.
a. An arc of spectral colors, usually identified as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, that appears in the sky opposite the sun as a result of the refractive dispersion of sunlight in drops of rain or mist.
b. A similar arc or band, as one produced by a prism or by iridescence.
2. An illusory hope: chasing the rainbow of overnight success.
[Middle English, from Old English rÄnboga : rÄn, rain + boga, bow; see bow3.]
rainbow(ËreɪnËbÉÊ) n
1. (Physical Geography) a bow-shaped display in the sky of the colours of the spectrum, caused by the refraction and reflection of the sun's rays through rain or mist
2.
b. (as modifier): a rainbow pattern.
4. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (modifier) of or relating to a political grouping together by several minorities, esp of different races: the rainbow coalition.
Rainbow(ËreɪnËbÉÊ) n
a member of the Rainbow Guides, the youngest group of girls (aged 5-7 years) in The Guide Association
rainâ¢bow(ËreɪnËboÊ)n.
1. a bow or arc of prismatic colors in the heavens opposite the sun; caused by the refraction and reflection of the sun's rays in drops of rain.
2. a similar bow of colors, esp. one in the spray of a waterfall or fountain.
3. any brightly multicolored arrangement or display.
5. a visionary goal.
adj.
7. made up of diverse races, groups, etc.: a rainbow coalition.
rain·bow(rÄnâ²bÅâ²)
An arc-shaped spectrum of color seen in the sky opposite the sun, especially after rain, caused by the refraction and reflection of sunlight by droplets of water suspended in the air.
rainbow- Comes from Old Norse regnbogi (becoming Old English renboga, ren, 'rain,' and boga, 'bend, bow') and is a bow or arch of the colors of the prism that is formed in the sky opposite to the sun by the reflection, double refraction, and dispersion of the sun's rays in falling drops of rain.Rainbowa rainbow as a symbol of a past storm.
Examples: rainbow of hope, 1876; of the storms of life, 1813.
rainbownounrainbownounA fantastic, impracticable plan or desire:
bubble, castle in the air, chimera, dream, fantasy, illusion, pipe dream.
дÑга
regnbue
sateenkaarispektrikirjavakirjomonivärinen
duga
bianglalapelangi
무ì§ê°
vaivorykÅ¡tÄ
mavrica
รุà¹à¸à¸à¸´à¸à¸à¹à¸³
cầu vá»ng
rainbow[ËreɪnbÉÊ]
B.CPDthe rainbow coalitionN â la coaliciónmulticolor
rainbow troutN â truchafarco iris rainbow[ËreɪnbÉÊ]
n â arc-en-cielm
the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow â une chimère
modif [colours] â de l'arc-en-ciel; [flag] â arc-en-ciel
rainbow
n â Regenbogenm; a dress (in) all the colours of the rainbow â ein Kleid in allen Regenbogenfarben; a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow â ein Wunschtraumm
rainbow:
rainbow coalition
rainbow family
rainbow flag
rainbow trout
rainbow[ËreɪnËbÉÊ]n â arcobalenorain(rein) noun
1. water falling from the clouds in liquid drops. We've had a lot of rain today; walking in the rain; We had flooding because of last week's heavy rains. reën Ù
ÙØ·Ùر дÑжд chuva déšť der Regen regn βÏοÏήlluvia vihm بارا٠sade pluie××©× à¤µà¤°à¥à¤·à¤¾ kiÅ¡a esÅ hujan rigning pioggia é¨ ë¹, ë¹ë¬¼ lietus lietus hujan regenregndeszcz باراÙØ ÙرÙÙÚ«ÙØ Ø§ÙرÚت ÙرÙØ§Ø ÙرÙغ٠ش٠Ú٠دبارا٠پ٠شا٠ÙرÙÚÙ chuva ploaie Ð´Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ñ dÃ¡Å¾Ä dež kiÅ¡a regn à¸à¸ yaÄmur é¨ Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø´ cÆ¡n mÆ°a é¨
2. a great number of things falling like rain. a rain of arrows. reën, stortvloed ÙابÙÙÙ Ù
٠дÑжд chuva déšť der Regen regn βÏοÏήlluvia sadu بارش sade pluie â×Ö·×Ö¼×Ö¼×â बà¥à¤à¤¾à¤° kiÅ¡a, izljev özön hujan drÃfa pioggia ï½ã®é¨ ë¹ì²ë¼ ë´ë¦¬ë ê² lietus, kruÅ¡a lietus; krusa hujan lebat regen -regn deszcz بارا٠chuva ploaie поÑок dážÄ, záplava, prÃval dež kiÅ¡a regn สิà¹à¸à¸à¸µà¹à¸à¸à¸¥à¸à¸¡à¸²à¹à¸«à¸¡à¸·à¸à¸à¸à¸à¹à¸ .. yaÄmuru åé¨è¬ä¸é£è½ä¸çæ±è¥¿ поÑоки; гÑад بÙÚÚ¾Ø§Ú nhÆ° cÆ¡n mÆ°a é¨ç¹è¬éè½çä¸è¥¿ï¼ä¸é¨è¬çï¼ä¸éµ
verb
1. (only with it as subject) to cause rain to fall. I think it will rain today. reën تÙÙ
ÙØ·Ùر Ð²Ð°Ð»Ñ chover prÅ¡et regnen regne βÏÎÏειllover sadama بارا٠آÙ
دÙØ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ûد٠sataa pleuvoir ×Ö°××ֹרִ×× ×Ö¼Ö¶×©Ö¶× à¤µà¤°à¥à¤·à¤¾ हà¥à¤¨à¤¾ kiÅ¡iti esik (az esÅ) turun hujan rigna piovere é¨ãéã ë¹ê° ë´ë¦¬ë¤ lyti lÄ«t hujan turun regenenregnepadaÄ ÙرÙد٠دبارا٠chover a ploua идÑи, лиÑÑÑÑ prÅ¡aÅ¥ deževati padati regna à¸à¸à¸à¸ (yaÄmur) yaÄmak ä¸é¨ вживаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² безоÑобовиÑ
звоÑоÑаÑ
: Ñде Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø´ ÛÙÙا Äá» mÆ°a ä¸é¨
2. to (cause to) fall like rain. Arrows rained down on the soldiers. reën ÙÙÙ
ÙØ·ÙØ±Ø ÙÙÙÙزÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
ÙØ·Ùر Ð²Ð°Ð»Ñ (fazer) chover prÅ¡et regnen regne ÏÎÏÏÏ Ïαν βÏοÏή llover langema, kukkuma ÙرÙد Ø¢Ù
دÙØ Ø±Ûخت٠sataa pleuvoir ×Ö°×Ö·××Ö´×ר बरसात हà¥à¤¨à¤¾ zasuti záporoz menghujani láta rigna yfir e-n piovere é¨ã®ããã«éã ë¹ì²ë¼ ë´ë¦¬ë¤ pasipilti birt menimpa, menghujani regenen regne/hagle ned sypaÄ siÄ ÙرÙÙÚ«Ù (fazer) chover a cÄdea ca grindina ÑÑпаÑÑ prÅ¡aÅ¥ deževati padati kao kiÅ¡a regna à¸à¸à¸¥à¸à¸¡à¸²à¹à¸«à¸¡à¸·à¸à¸à¸à¸à¸à¸ yaÄmur gibi yaÄmak é¨é»è¬å°è½ä¸ ÑипаÑи(ÑÑ) Ú©Ø³Û ÚÛز کا زÛØ§Ø¯Û Ù
Ùدار Ù
ÛÚº گرÙا nhiá»u nhÆ° mÆ°a é¨ç¹è¬å°è½ä¸
Ërainy adjective
having (many) showers of rain. a rainy day; the rainy season; rainy weather. reënerig Ù
اطÙر дÑждовен chuvoso deÅ¡tivý regnerisch regnfuld; regn- βÏοÏεÏÏÏlluvioso vihmane باراÙÛ sateinen pluvieux, des pluies ×ש×× à¤¬à¤°à¤¸à¤¾à¤¤à¥ kiÅ¡ovito esÅs hujan rigningar- piovoso é¨ã® ë¹ê° ë§ì lietingas lietus-; lietains musim hujan regen- regnværs-, regnfulldeszczowy دباراÙØ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø§ÙÙ chuvoso ploios, umed дождливÑй daždivý deževen kiÅ¡ovit regnig à¸à¸¶à¹à¸à¸¡à¸µà¸à¸à¸à¸ yaÄmurlu, yaÄıÅlı ä¸é¨çï¼å¤é¨ç доÑовиÑий برسات کا có mÆ°a ä¸é¨çï¼å¤é¨ç
Ëraininess noun
reënerigheid ØاÙÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ùر дÑждовноÑÑ pluviosidade deÅ¡tivost die Regenneigung regn η ιδιÏÏηÏα ÏοÏ
να είναι κÏ. βÏοÏεÏÏ lluviosidad vihmarohkus باراÙÛ Ø¨ÙدÙØ Ø®ÛØ³Û sateisuus pluviosité סַ×רִ×רִ××ּת बरसातà¥à¤ªà¤¨ kiÅ¡ovitost sok esÅ keadaan berhujan það að vera votviðrasamur piovosità é¨éã ë¹ê° ë§ì lietingumas lietainums keadaan hujan regenachtigheid regnvær deszczowoÅÄ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø§ÙÙ pluviosidade climÄ ploioasÄ Ð´Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑ daždivosÅ¥ deževnost kiÅ¡ovitost regnighet à¸à¸£à¸´à¸¡à¸²à¸à¸à¸à¸à¸µà¹à¸à¸à¸¥à¸à¸¡à¸²à¹à¸à¸ªà¸à¸²à¸à¸à¸µà¹à¸à¸±à¹à¸ ๠yaÄmurluluk, çok yaÄmur alma ä¸é¨ï¼å¤é¨ доÑовиÑÑÑÑÑ Ø¨Ø±Ø³Ø§Øª tình trạng mÆ°a nhiá»u ä¸é¨ï¼å¤é¨
Ërainbow noun
the coloured arch sometimes seen in the sky opposite the sun when rain is falling. reënboog ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙزÙØ Ð´Ñга arco-Ãris duha der Regenbogen regnbue οÏ
Ïάνιο ÏÏξοarco iris vikerkaar رÙÚ¯ÛÙ Ú©Ù
ا٠sateenkaari arc-en-cielקשת à¤à¤à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤§à¤¨à¥à¤· duga szivárvány pelangi regnbogi arcobaleno è¹ ë¬´ì§ê° vaivorykÅ¡tÄ varavÄ«ksne pelangi regenboogregnbuetÄcza Ø´Ù٠زرغÙÙÙØ Ø³Ø±Ù Ø²Ø±ØºÙÙÙØ Ø²Ù¾Ú٠زرغÙÙÙ (ÙÙ
ا٠رستÙ
arco-Ãris curcubeu ÑадÑга dúha mavrica duga regnbÃ¥ge รุà¹à¸ gök kuÅaÄı å½©è¹ Ð²ÐµÑелка, ÑайдÑга ÙÙس ÙØ²Ø cầu vá»ng 彩è¹
Ërain check: take a rain check
(American) (to ask) to do something at a later time. Thanks for inviting me to dinner, but can I take a rain check on it? kan ons dit later doen ÙÙØ·ÙÙÙب اسÙتÙعÙ
ا٠اÙØ´ÙÙÙØ¡ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙت٠ÙاØÙ٠оÑлагане deixar marcado ponecháno na jindy es aufschieben have til gode Î±Î½Î±Î²Î¬Î»Î»Ï dejar algo para más adelante (midagi) edasi lükkama ب٠بعد Ù
ÙÚ©Ù٠کردÙØ ÙÙ٠دعÙت Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯Û jättää jokin myöhemmäksi remettre à plus tard ×Ö´×××ֹת à¤à¥à¤ à¤à¤¾à¤® बाद मà¥à¤ à¤à¤°à¤¨à¤¾ ljubazno odbiti poziv ili ponudu kb. visszatérÅjegy (esÅnapra) lain kali rinvio ã¾ãã®æ©ä¼ã«ãããã ì¬ìí 물건ì ëì¤ì ë°ëë¤ë ì½ì pasinaudoti pasiÅ«lymu vÄliau (lÅ«gt atļauju) kaut ko izdarÄ«t citreiz percuma uitnodiging voor een ander moment; uitstellen tot een andere keer tilgodelapp, byttebillett; fÃ¥ ha noe til gode może innym razem بÙÙ ÙرÚ٠ت٠Ù
ÙÙÙÙÙ٠как-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð² дÑÑгой Ñаз nechaÅ¥ si (nieÄo) na neskôr, odložiÅ¥ ponuku na neskôr preložiti na drugiÄ odložiti regnplÃ¥t, fÃ¥ ha ngt innestÃ¥ende à¸à¸²à¸¡à¸«à¸£à¸·à¸à¸à¸³à¸à¸²à¸à¸ªà¸´à¹à¸´à¸à¹à¸à¸à¸£à¸²à¸§à¸«à¸¥à¸±à¸ hakkının saklı kalmasını istemek; alacaÄı olmak (ç¾)æ¹æåå пеÑенеÑÑи на дÑÑгий Ñаз بعد Ú©Û ÙÙت Ú©Û ÙÛÛ Ø¯Ûا Ú¯Ûا دعÙت ÙاÙ
Û hẹn lần sau 延æï¼æ¹æ¥è¿è¡
Ëraincoat noun
a waterproof coat worn to keep out the rain. reënjas Ù
ÙعÙØ·Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ùر дÑждобÑан impermeável plášť do deÅ¡tÄ der Regenmantel regnfrakke αδιάβÏοÏοimpermeable vihmamantel پاÙتÙØ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø§ÙÛ sadetakki imperméable ×Ö°×¢Ö´×× ×Ö¼Ö¶×©Ö¶× à¤¬à¤°à¤¸à¤¾à¤¤à¥ kiÅ¡na kabanica esÅkabát jas hujan regnkápa/-frakki impermeabile ã¬ã¤ã³ã³ã¼ã ë¹ì· lietpaltis lietusmÄtelis baju hujan regenjas regnkÃ¥pe/-frakk pÅaszcz nieprzemakalny باراÙÛØ Ø¨Ø§Ø±ÙÙ ÙÙÙ¼Ø Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø§Ù ÙÙÙ¼ impermeável impermeabil Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñ plášť do dažÄa dežni plaÅ¡Ä kiÅ¡na kabanica regnrock à¹à¸ªà¸·à¹à¸à¸à¸±à¸à¸à¸ yaÄmurluk é¨è¡£ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø´ Ø³Û Ø¨ÚÙÛ Ú©Û ÙÛÛ Ù¾ÛÙا جاÙÛ ÙاÙا Ú©ÙÙ¹ áo mÆ°a é¨è¡£
Ëraindrop noun
a single drop of rain. reëndruppel ÙÙØ·ÙرÙ٠дÑждовна капка gota de chuva kapka deÅ¡tÄ der Regentropfen regndrÃ¥be ÏÏαγÏνα βÏοÏÎ®Ï gota de lluvia vihmapiisk Ùطر٠بارا٠sadepisara goutte de pluie ×Ö´×פַּת ×Ö¶×©Ö¶× à¤µà¤°à¥à¤·à¤¾ à¤à¥ à¤à¤ बà¥à¤à¤¦ kiÅ¡na kap esÅcsepp titik air hujan regndropi goccia di pioggia é¨æ»´ ë¹ë°©ì¸ lietaus laÅ¡as lietus lÄse titisan hujan regendruppelregndrÃ¥pe kropla deszczu دبارا٠Ú
اÚ
ÙÙ gota de chuva picÄÂturÄ de ploaie ÐºÐ°Ð¿Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ñ dažÄová kvapka dežna kaplja kap kiÅ¡e regndroppe หยà¸à¸à¹à¸³à¸à¸ yaÄmur damlası é¨é»ï¼é¨æ»´ доÑова кÑÐ°Ð¿Ð»Ñ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø´ کا ÙØ·Ø±Û hạt mÆ°a é¨ç¹
Ërainfall noun
the amount of rain that falls in a certain place in a certain time. We haven't had much rainfall this year; the annual rainfall. reënval Ø¥Ù
Ùطار валеж precipitação množstvà srážek der Niederschlag regn; regnmængde βÏοÏÏÏÏÏÏηprecipitación sademete hulk رÛزش باراÙØ Ù
Ûزا٠بارÙØ¯Ú¯Û sademäärä précipitation ×Ö¼Ö·××ּת ×Ö¶×©Ö¶× à¤ªà¤¾à¤¨à¥ à¤¬à¤°à¤¸à¤¨à¤¾ oborina, koliÄina kiÅ¡e csapadék curah hujan úrkoma pioggia é¨é ê°ì° krituliai nokriÅ¡Åi curahan hujan regenvalregn, nedbøropad ÙرÙا precipitação preÂcipitaÅ£ii колиÑеÑÑво оÑадков množstvo zrážok padavine koliÄina padavina regnmängd, nederbörd à¸à¸£à¸´à¸¡à¸²à¸à¸à¹à¸³à¸à¸à¸à¸µà¹à¸à¸à¸¥à¸à¸¡à¸² yaÄıŠmiktarı éé¨é кÑлÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ñв بارش Ú©Û Ø¨ÙÚÚ¾Ø§Ú lượng mÆ°a éé¨é
Ërain forest noun
a thick tropical forest in a region where it rains a lot. reënwoud غابÙØ© Ø£Ù
Ùطار дÑждовна вода floresta tropical deÅ¡tný prales der Regenwald regnskov ÏÏοÏÎ¹ÎºÏ Î´Î¬ÏοÏselva tropical vihmamets جÙگ٠استÙاÛÛ sademetsä forêt tropicale ×ַעַר ×Ö¶×©Ö¶× à¤µà¤°à¥à¤·à¤¾ वन kiÅ¡na Å¡uma esÅerdÅ hutan hujan tropis foresta pluviale ç±å¸¯é¨æ ì´ë ì°ë¦¼ drÄgna atogrÄ
žų giria tropu mežs tadahan hujan regenwoudregnskoglas tropikalny استÙاÛÛ ÚÙÚ«Ù ÑÑопиÑеÑкий Ð»ÐµÑ dažÄový prales tropski gozd kiÅ¡na Å¡uma regnskog à¸à¹à¸²à¸à¸µà¹à¸¡à¸µà¸à¸à¸à¸à¸à¸¸à¸ yaÄmur ormanı ç±å¸¶é¨æ доÑовий лÑÑ Ø¨Ø±Ø³Ø§ØªÛ Ø¬ÙÚ¯Ù rừng mÆ°a nhiá»t Äá»i é¨æ
Ërain-gauge noun
an instrument for measuring rainfall. reënmeter Ù
ÙÙÙÙاس ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ùر дÑÐ¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ pluviômetro deÅ¡Å¥omÄr der Niederschlagsmesser regnmÃ¥ler βÏοÏÏμεÏÏοpluviómetro sademetemõõtur بارا٠سÙج sademittari pluviomètre ×Ö·× ×Ö¶×©Ö¶× à¤µà¤°à¥à¤·à¤¾à¤®à¤¾à¤ªà¥, वà¥à¤·à¥à¤à¤¿à¤®à¤¾à¤ªà¥ kiÅ¡omjer esÅmérÅ alat pengukur curah hujan úrkomumælir pluviometro é¨éè¨ ì°ëê³ lietmatis lietusmÄrs tolok hujan regenmeterregnmÃ¥ler deszczomierz بارا٠سÙج pluviómetro pluviometru Ð´Ð¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ¼ÐµÑ dážÄomer, zrážkomer dežemer instrument za merenje padavina regnmätare à¹à¸à¸£à¸·à¹à¸à¸à¸¡à¸·à¸à¸§à¸±à¸à¸à¸£à¸´à¸¡à¸²à¸à¸à¸ yaÄıŠölçer é¨éè¨ Ð´Ð¾ÑомÑÑ Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø´ Ù¾ÛÙ
ا máy Äo lượng mÆ°a é¨éå¨
keep/save etc for a rainy day
to keep (especially money) until one needs it or in case one may need it. hou vir 'n reëndag ÙÙدÙÙØ®Ùر ÙÙÙÙÙÙت اÙØاجÙÙ ÑпеÑÑÑвам за ÑеÑни дни guardar para um caso de necessidade schovat si pro strýÄka PÅÃhodu einen Notgroschen zurücklegen til dÃ¥rlige tider Î²Î¬Î¶Ï ÏÏην άκÏη για ÏÏα Î±Î½Î¬Î³ÎºÎ·Ï ahorrar para los tiempos difÃciles kehvade päevade jaoks kõrvale panema Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø±Ùز Ù
بادا Ùگ٠داشت٠säästää pahan päivän varalle garder pour les mauvais jours ×Ö·×ס×Ö¹× ×ְעֵת ×¦Ö·×¨Ö¸× à¤à¤°à¥à¤°à¤¤ à¤à¥ दिनà¥à¤ à¤à¥ लिठबà¤à¤¾à¤ रà¤à¤¨à¤¾ Äuvati ili Å¡tedjeti za crne dane nehéz idÅkre félretesz berpikiran terbuka spara til að eiga þegar kreppir að (risparmiare per i tempi difficili) ä¸ä¸ã«åãã ë§ì¼ì ëë¹íë¤ laikyti/taupyti juodai dienai atlikt/taupÄ«t nebaltai dienai sediakan payung sebelum hujan een appeltje voor de dorst bewaren legge noe til side for trangere tider trzymaÄ/odkÅadaÄ na czarnÄ
godzinÄ Ø³Ø¨Ø§ ÙرÚ٠ت٠سات٠guardar, etc., para uma eventualidade a strânge (bani albi) pentru zile negre оÑ�ÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑнÑй Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ odložiÅ¥ si na horÅ¡ie Äasy hraniti za hude Äase crni dani rusta sig (spara) för sämre tider à¹à¸à¹à¸à¹à¸§à¹à¹à¸à¹à¸¢à¸²à¸¡à¸à¸³à¹à¸à¹à¸ dar günler için para ayırmak æªé¨ç¶¢ç¹ ÑÑимаÑи на ÑоÑний Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ø§ÙÚÛ ÙÙت Ú©Û ÙÛÛ Ø¨Ú Ú©Ø± رکھÙا tÃch cá»c phòng cÆ¡ æªé¨ç»¸ç¼ª
rain cats and dogs
to rain very hard. reën baie hard تÙÙÙØ·Ù٠اÙØ£Ù
طار بÙغÙزارÙ٠вали из ведÑо chover canivetes lÃt jako z konve in Strömen gieÃen styrte ned βÏÎÏει με Ïο ÏοÏ
λοÏμι llover a cántaros nagu oavarrest sadama شدÛدا بارÛد٠sataa kaatamalla pleuvoir à seaux ×Ö¶×©Ö¶× ×Ö·×ָק मà¥à¤¸à¤²à¤¾à¤§à¤¾à¤° बारिश हà¥à¤¨à¤¾ lijevati kao iz kabla úgy esik, mintha dézsából öntenék hujan lebat hellirigna piovere a dirotto/catinelle ã©ããã¶ãã«ãªã ë¹ê° ìµìê°ì´ ììì§ë¤ pilti kaip iÅ¡ kibiro gÄzt kÄ ar spaiÅiem hujan ribut pijpenstelen regenen pøsregne, hølje ned laÄ jak z cebra اÙرÚت chover a potes a ploua cu gÄleata лиÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº из ведÑа liaÅ¥ ako z krhly liti kot iz Å¡kafa jako padati - za kiÅ¡u stÃ¥ som spön i backen à¸à¸à¸à¸à¸¥à¸à¸¡à¸²à¸à¸¢à¹à¸²à¸à¸«à¸à¸±à¸ bardaktan boÅanırcasına yaÄmak å¾çå¤§é¨ Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð»Ñ Ñк Ñз вÑдÑа تÛز بارش ÛÙÙا mÆ°a to å¾ç大é¨
the rains
(in tropical countries) the rainy season. reënseisoen Ù
ÙسÙÙ
اÙØ£Ù
طار اÙإسÙتÙÙائÙÙÙÙ٠дÑждовниÑÑ Ñезон estação das chuvas obdobà dešťů die Regenzeit regntid η εÏοÏή ÏÏν βÏοÏÏν la estación de lluvias vihmaperiood بارا٠زا sadekausi saison des pluies ×¢×Ö¹× Ö·×ª ×Ö·×שָ×Ö´×× à¤¬à¤¾à¤°à¤¿à¤¶ à¤à¤¾ मà¥à¤¸à¤® sezona kiÅ¡e esÅs idÅszak musim hujan regntÃminn (stagione delle piogge) é¨æ ì°ê¸° liÅ«Äių metas lietus periods musim tengkujuh de regentijd regntida pora deszczowa بارا٠زا a estação das chuvas anotimp ploios Ñезон дождей obdobie dažÄov deževna doba kiÅ¡na sezona regntiden ฤà¸à¸¹à¸à¸ yaÄmur mevsimi (ç±å¸¶å家ç)é¨å£ Ñезон доÑÑв برسات کا Ù
ÙسÙ
mùa mÆ°a é¨å£
(as) right as rain
perfectly all right; completely well. alles in die haak عÙÙ Ù
ا ÙÙراÙ
пеÑÑекÑно certo como a chuva v naprostém poÅádku, ve zdravà ganz richtig helt i orden μια ÏαÏά estar perfectamente, estar perfecto de salud, estar sano como una manzana terve nagu purikas ب٠Ù
Ùدار زÛاد terve kuin pukki en parfait état/parfaite santé ×ְסֶ×ֶר ×Ö¸××ּר पà¥à¤°à¥à¤£ सà¥à¤µà¤¸à¥à¤¥ oporavljen, zdrav makkegészséges, kitűnŠállapotban (van) tepat sekali à prÿðilegu ástandi; algjörlega heilbrigður (benissimo), (in perfetta salute) å
¨ã調åãè¯ã ë§¤ì° ìì¡°ë¡ì´ sveikas kaip ridikas vesels kÄ rutks tepat helemaal in orde helt i orden zdrów jak ryba پ٠دÛر٠زÛات٠mesmo bem sÄnÄtos tun; complet refÄcut в полном поÑÑдке v úplnom poriadku, v zdravà v najlepÅ¡em redu savrÅ¡eno u redu prima, helt i sin ordning à¸à¸¹à¸à¸à¹à¸à¸à¸à¸¸à¸à¸à¸¢à¹à¸²à¸ sapasaÄlam, turp gibi ååæ£ç¢ºï¼å®å
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Double rainbow and supernumerary rainbows on the inside of the primary arc. The shadow of the photographer's head on the bottom marks the centre of the rainbow circle (antisolar point).
A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun.
Rainbows can be full circles. However, the observer normally sees only an arc formed by illuminated droplets above the ground,[1] and centered on a line from the sun to the observer's eye.
A Rainbow Of Colors By Greg And Steve
In a primary rainbow, the arc shows red on the outer part and violet on the inner side. This rainbow is caused by light being refracted when entering a droplet of water, then reflected inside on the back of the droplet and refracted again when leaving it.
In a double rainbow, a second arc is seen outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colours reversed, with red on the inner side of the arc. This is caused by the light being reflected twice on the inside of the droplet before leaving it.
Overview
Image of the end of a rainbow at Jasper National Park
A rainbow is not located at a specific distance from the observer, but comes from an optical illusion caused by any water droplets viewed from a certain angle relative to a light source. Thus, a rainbow is not an object and cannot be physically approached. Indeed, it is impossible for an observer to see a rainbow from water droplets at any angle other than the customary one of 42 degrees from the direction opposite the light source. Even if an observer sees another observer who seems 'under' or 'at the end of' a rainbow, the second observer will see a different rainbowâfarther offâat the same angle as seen by the first observer.
Rainbows span a continuous spectrum of colours. Any distinct bands perceived are an artefact of human colour vision, and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photo of a rainbow, only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maximum, then fading towards the other side. For colours seen by the human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet,[2][3] remembered by the mnemonicRichard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (ROYGBIV).
Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne dew.
Visibility
Rainbows can form in the spray of a waterfall (called spray bows).
Rainbows may form in the spray created by waves.
Rainbows can be observed whenever there are water drops in the air and sunlight shining from behind the observer at a low altitudeangle. Because of this, rainbows are usually seen in the western sky during the morning and in the eastern sky during the early evening. The most spectacular rainbow displays happen when half the sky is still dark with raining clouds and the observer is at a spot with clear sky in the direction of the sun. The result is a luminous rainbow that contrasts with the darkened background. During such good visibility conditions, the larger but fainter secondary rainbow is often visible. It appears about 10° outside of the primary rainbow, with inverse order of colours.
Eruption of Castle Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, with double rainbow seen in the mist
The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a moonbow, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights. As human visual perception for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white.[4]
It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an angle of view of 84°. For a 35 mm camera, a wide-angle lens with a focal length of 19 mm or less would be required. Now that software for stitching several images into a panorama is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames.
From above the earth such as in an aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to see a rainbow as a full circle. This phenomenon can be confused with the glory phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5â20°.
The sky inside a primary rainbow is brighter than the sky outside of the bow. This is because each raindrop is a sphere and it scatters light over an entire circular disc in the sky. The radius of the disc depends on the wavelength of light, with red light being scattered over a larger angle than blue light. Over most of the disc, scattered light at all wavelengths overlaps, resulting in white light which brightens the sky. At the edge, the wavelength dependence of the scattering gives rise to the rainbow.[5]
Light of primary rainbow arc is 96% polarised tangential to the arch.[6] Light of second arc is 90% polarised.
Number of colours in spectrum or rainbow
A spectrum obtained using a glass prism and a point source is a continuum of wavelengths without bands. The number of colours that the human eye is able to distinguish in a spectrum is in the order of 100.[7] Accordingly, the Munsell colour system (a 20th-century system for numerically describing colours, based on equal steps for human visual perception) distinguishes 100 hues. The apparent discreteness of main colours is an artefact of human perception and the exact number of main colours is a somewhat arbitrary choice.
Newton, who admitted his eyes were not very critical in distinguishing colours,[8] originally (1672) divided the spectrum into five main colours: red, yellow, green, blue and violet. Later he included orange and indigo, giving seven main colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale.[2][9] Newton chose to divide the visible spectrum into seven colours out of a belief derived from the beliefs of the ancient Greeksophists, who thought there was a connection between the colours, the musical notes, the known objects in the Solar System, and the days of the week.[10][11][12] Scholars have noted that what Newton regarded at the time as 'blue' would today be regarded as cyan, and what Newton called 'indigo' would today be considered blue.[3]
Rainbow (middle: real, bottom: computed) compared to true spectrum (top): unsaturated colours and different colour profile
According to Isaac Asimov, 'It is customary to list indigo as a colour lying between blue and violet, but it has never seemed to me that indigo is worth the dignity of being considered a separate colour. To my eyes it seems merely deep blue.'[13]
The colour pattern of a rainbow is different from a spectrum, and the colours are less saturated. There is spectral smearing in a rainbow owing to the fact that for any particular wavelength, there is a distribution of exit angles, rather than a single unvarying angle.[14] In addition, a rainbow is a blurred version of the bow obtained from a point source, because the disk diameter of the sun (0.5°) cannot be neglected compared to the width of a rainbow (2°). The number of colour bands of a rainbow may therefore be different from the number of bands in a spectrum, especially if the droplets are particularly large or small. Therefore, the number of colours of a rainbow is variable. If, however, the word rainbow is used inaccurately to mean spectrum, it is the number of main colours in the spectrum.
The question of whether everyone sees seven colours in a rainbow is related to the idea of linguistic relativity. Suggestions have been made that there is universality in the way that a rainbow is perceived.[15][16] However, more recent research suggests that the number of distinct colours observed and what these are called depend on the language that one uses with people whose language has fewer colour words seeing fewer discrete colour bands.[17]
Explanation
Light rays enter a raindrop from one direction (typically a straight line from the sun), reflect off the back of the raindrop, and fan out as they leave the raindrop. The light leaving the rainbow is spread over a wide angle, with a maximum intensity at the angles 40.89â42°. (Note: Between 2 and 100% of the light is reflected at each of the three surfaces encountered, depending on the angle of incidence. This diagram only shows the paths relevant to the rainbow.)
White light separates into different colours on entering the raindrop due to dispersion, causing red light to be refracted less than blue light.
When sunlight encounters a raindrop, part of the light is reflected and the rest enters the raindrop. The light is refracted at the surface of the raindrop. When this light hits the back of the raindrop, some of it is reflected off the back. When the internally reflected light reaches the surface again, once more some is internally reflected and some is refracted as it exits the drop. (The light that reflects off the drop, exits from the back, or continues to bounce around inside the drop after the second encounter with the surface, is not relevant to the formation of the primary rainbow.) The overall effect is that part of the incoming light is reflected back over the range of 0° to 42°, with the most intense light at 42°.[18] This angle is independent of the size of the drop, but does depend on its refractive index. Seawater has a higher refractive index than rain water, so the radius of a 'rainbow' in sea spray is smaller than a true rainbow. This is visible to the naked eye by a misalignment of these bows.[19]
The reason the returning light is most intense at about 42° is that this is a turning point â light hitting the outermost ring of the drop gets returned at less than 42°, as does the light hitting the drop nearer to its centre. There is a circular band of light that all gets returned right around 42°. If the sun were a laser emitting parallel, monochromatic rays, then the luminance (brightness) of the bow would tend toward infinity at this angle (ignoring interference effects). (See Caustic (optics).) But since the sun's luminance is finite and its rays are not all parallel (it covers about half a degree of the sky) the luminance does not go to infinity. Furthermore, the amount by which light is refracted depends upon its wavelength, and hence its colour. This effect is called dispersion. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red light. Due to this angle, blue is seen on the inside of the arc of the primary rainbow, and red on the outside. The result of this is not only to give different colours to different parts of the rainbow, but also to diminish the brightness. (A 'rainbow' formed by droplets of a liquid with no dispersion would be white, but brighter than a normal rainbow.)
The light at the back of the raindrop does not undergo total internal reflection, and some light does emerge from the back. However, light coming out the back of the raindrop does not create a rainbow between the observer and the sun because spectra emitted from the back of the raindrop do not have a maximum of intensity, as the other visible rainbows do, and thus the colours blend together rather than forming a rainbow.[20]
A rainbow does not exist at one particular location. Many rainbows exist; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint as droplets of light illuminated by the sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. The whole system composed by the sun's rays, the observer's head, and the (spherical) water drops has an axial symmetry around the axis through the observer's head and parallel to the sun's rays. The rainbow is curved because the set of all the raindrops that have the right angle between the observer, the drop, and the sun, lie on a cone pointing at the sun with the observer at the tip. The base of the cone forms a circle at an angle of 40â42° to the line between the observer's head and their shadow but 50% or more of the circle is below the horizon, unless the observer is sufficiently far above the earth's surface to see it all, for example in an aeroplane (see above).[21][22] Alternatively, an observer with the right vantage point may see the full circle in a fountain or waterfall spray.[23]
Mathematical derivation
Mathematical derivation
We can determine the perceived angle which the rainbow subtends as follows.[24]
Given a spherical raindrop, and defining the perceived angle of the rainbow as 2Ï, and the angle of the internal reflection as 2β, then the angle of incidence of the sun's rays with respect to the drop's surface normal is 2β â Ï. Since the angle of refraction is β, Snell's law gives us
where n = 1.333 is the refractive index of water. Solving for Ï, we get
The rainbow will occur where the angle Ï is maximum with respect to the angle β. Therefore, from calculus, we can set dÏ/dβ = 0, and solve for β, which yields
Substituting back into the earlier equation for Ï yields 2Ïmax â 42° as the radius angle of the rainbow.
VariationsDouble rainbows
Double rainbow with Alexander's band visible between the primary and secondary bows. Also note the pronounced supernumerary bows inside the primary bow.
Physics of a primary and secondary rainbow and Alexander's dark band[25] (The image of the sun in the picture is only conventional; all rays are parallel to the axis of the rainbow's cone)
The term double rainbow is used when both the primary and secondary rainbows are visible. In theory, all rainbows are double rainbows, but since the secondary bow is always fainter than the primary, it may be too weak to spot in practice.
Secondary rainbows are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the water droplets. Technically the secondary bow is centred on the sun itself, but since its angular size is more than 90° (about 127° for violet to 130° for red), it is seen on the same side of the sky as the primary rainbow, about 10° outside it at an apparent angle of 50â53°. As a result of the 'inside' of the secondary bow being 'up' to the observer, the colours appear reversed compared to those of the primary bow.
The secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two reflections compared to one and because the rainbow itself is spread over a greater area of the sky. Each rainbow reflects white light inside its coloured bands, but that is 'down' for the primary and 'up' for the secondary.[26] The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and secondary bows is called Alexander's band, after Alexander of Aphrodisias who first described it.[27]
Twinned rainbow
Unlike a double rainbow that consists of two separate and concentric rainbow arcs, the very rare twinned rainbow appears as two rainbow arcs that split from a single base.[28] The colours in the second bow, rather than reversing as in a secondary rainbow, appear in the same order as the primary rainbow. A 'normal' secondary rainbow may be present as well. Twinned rainbows can look similar to, but should not be confused with supernumerary bands. The two phenomena may be told apart by their difference in colour profile: supernumerary bands consist of subdued pastel hues (mainly pink, purple and green), while the twinned rainbow shows the same spectrum as a regular rainbow.The cause of a twinned rainbow is the combination of different sizes of water drops falling from the sky. Due to air resistance, raindrops flatten as they fall, and flattening is more prominent in larger water drops. When two rain showers with different-sized raindrops combine, they each produce slightly different rainbows which may combine and form a twinned rainbow.[29]A numerical ray tracing study showed that a twinned rainbow on a photo could be explained by a mixture of 0.40 and 0.45 mm droplets. That small difference in droplet size resulted in a small difference in flattening of the droplet shape, and a large difference in flattening of the rainbow top.[30]
Circular rainbow
Meanwhile, the even rarer case of a rainbow split into three branches was observed and photographed in nature.[31]
Full-circle rainbow
In theory, every rainbow is a circle, but from the ground, usually only its upper half can be seen. Since the rainbow's centre is diametrically opposed to the sun's position in the sky, more of the circle comes into view as the sun approaches the horizon, meaning that the largest section of the circle normally seen is about 50% during sunset or sunrise. Viewing the rainbow's lower half requires the presence of water droplets below the observer's horizon, as well as sunlight that is able to reach them. These requirements are not usually met when the viewer is at ground level, either because droplets are absent in the required position, or because the sunlight is obstructed by the landscape behind the observer. From a high viewpoint such as a high building or an aircraft, however, the requirements can be met and the full-circle rainbow can be seen.[32][33] Like a partial rainbow, the circular rainbow can have a secondary bow or supernumerary bows as well.[34] It is possible to produce the full circle when standing on the ground, for example by spraying a water mist from a garden hose while facing away from the sun.[35]
A circular rainbow should not be confused with the glory, which is much smaller in diameter and is created by different optical processes. In the right circumstances, a glory and a (circular) rainbow or fog bow can occur together. Another atmospheric phenomenon that may be mistaken for a 'circular rainbow' is the 22° halo, which is caused by ice crystals rather than liquid water droplets, and is located around the sun (or moon), not opposite it.
Supernumerary rainbows
Contrast-enhanced photograph of a rainbow with additional supernumerary bands inside the primary bow
In certain circumstances, one or several narrow, faintly coloured bands can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow; i.e., inside the primary bow or, much more rarely, outside the secondary. These extra bands are called supernumerary rainbows or supernumerary bands; together with the rainbow itself the phenomenon is also known as a stacker rainbow. The supernumerary bows are slightly detached from the main bow, become successively fainter along with their distance from it, and have pastel colours (consisting mainly of pink, purple and green hues) rather than the usual spectrum pattern.[36] The effect becomes apparent when water droplets are involved that have a diameter of about 1 mm or less; the smaller the droplets are, the broader the supernumerary bands become, and the less saturated their colours.[37] Due to their origin in small droplets, supernumerary bands tend to be particularly prominent in fogbows.[38]
Supernumerary rainbows cannot be explained using classical geometric optics. The alternating faint bands are caused by interference between rays of light following slightly different paths with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops. Some rays are in phase, reinforcing each other through constructive interference, creating a bright band; others are out of phase by up to half a wavelength, cancelling each other out through destructive interference, and creating a gap. Given the different angles of refraction for rays of different colours, the patterns of interference are slightly different for rays of different colours, so each bright band is differentiated in colour, creating a miniature rainbow. Supernumerary rainbows are clearest when raindrops are small and of uniform size. The very existence of supernumerary rainbows was historically a first indication of the wave nature of light, and the first explanation was provided by Thomas Young in 1804.[39]
Reflected rainbow, reflection rainbow
Reflected rainbow
Reflection rainbow (top) and normal rainbow (bottom) at sunset
When a rainbow appears above a body of water, two complementary mirror bows may be seen below and above the horizon, originating from different light paths. Their names are slightly different.
A reflected rainbow may appear in the water surface below the horizon.[40] The sunlight is first deflected by the raindrops, and then reflected off the body of water, before reaching the observer. The reflected rainbow is frequently visible, at least partially, even in small puddles.
A reflection rainbow may be produced where sunlight reflects off a body of water before reaching the raindrops (see diagram and Reflection and reflected bows, Norway), if the water body is large, quiet over its entire surface, and close to the rain curtain. The reflection rainbow appears above the horizon. It intersects the normal rainbow at the horizon, and its arc reaches higher in the sky, with its centre as high above the horizon as the normal rainbow's centre is below it. Due to the combination of requirements, a reflection rainbow is rarely visible.
Up to eight separate bows may be distinguished if the reflected and reflection rainbows happen to occur simultaneously: The normal (non-reflection) primary and secondary bows above the horizon (1, 2) with their reflected counterparts below it (3, 4), and the reflection primary and secondary bows above the horizon (5, 6) with their reflected counterparts below it (7, 8).[41][42]
Monochrome rainbow
Unenhanced photo of a red (monochrome) rainbow
Occasionally a shower may happen at sunrise or sunset, where the shorter wavelengths like blue and green have been scattered and essentially removed from the spectrum. Further scattering may occur due to the rain, and the result can be the rare and dramatic monochrome or red rainbow.[43]
Higher-order rainbows
In addition to the common primary and secondary rainbows, it is also possible for rainbows of higher orders to form. The order of a rainbow is determined by the number of light reflections inside the water droplets that create it: One reflection results in the first-order or primary rainbow; two reflections create the second-order or secondary rainbow. More internal reflections cause bows of higher ordersâtheoretically unto infinity.[44] As more and more light is lost with each internal reflection, however, each subsequent bow becomes progressively dimmer and therefore increasingly harder to spot. An additional challenge in observing the third-order (or tertiary) and fourth-order (quaternary) rainbows is their location in the direction of the sun (about 40° and 45° from the sun, respectively), causing them to become drowned in its glare.[45]
For these reasons, naturally occurring rainbows of an order higher than 2 are rarely visible to the naked eye. Nevertheless, sightings of the third-order bow in nature have been reported, and in 2011 it was photographed definitively for the first time.[46][47] Shortly after, the fourth-order rainbow was photographed as well,[48][49] and in 2014 the first ever pictures of the fifth-order (or quinary) rainbow, located in between the primary and secondary bows, were published.[50]
In a laboratory setting, it is possible to create bows of much higher orders. Felix Billet (1808â1882) depicted angular positions up to the 19th-order rainbow, a pattern he called a 'rose of rainbows'.[51][52][53] In the laboratory, it is possible to observe higher-order rainbows by using extremely bright and well collimated light produced by lasers. Up to the 200th-order rainbow was reported by Ng et al. in 1998 using a similar method but an argon ion laser beam.[54]
Tertiary and quaternary rainbows should not be confused with 'triple' and 'quadruple' rainbowsâterms sometimes erroneously used to refer to theâmuch more commonâsupernumerary bows and reflection rainbows.
Rainbows under moonlight
Spray moonbow at the Lower Yosemite Fall
Like most atmospheric optical phenomena, rainbows can be caused by light from the Sun, but also from the Moon. In case of the latter, the rainbow is referred to as a lunar rainbow or moonbow. They are much dimmer and rarer than solar rainbows, requiring the Moon to be near-full in order for them to be seen. For the same reason, moonbows are often perceived as white and may be thought of as monochrome. The full spectrum is present, however, but the human eye is not normally sensitive enough to see the colours. Long exposure photographs will sometimes show the colour in this type of rainbow.[55]
Fogbow
Fogbow and glory.
Fogbows form in the same way as rainbows, but they are formed by much smaller cloud and fog droplets that diffract light extensively. They are almost white with faint reds on the outside and blues inside; often one or more broad supernumerary bands can be discerned inside the inner edge. The colours are dim because the bow in each colour is very broad and the colours overlap. Fogbows are commonly seen over water when air in contact with the cooler water is chilled, but they can be found anywhere if the fog is thin enough for the sun to shine through and the sun is fairly bright. They are very largeâalmost as big as a rainbow and much broader. They sometimes appear with a glory at the bow's centre.[56]
Fog bows should not be confused with ice halos, which are very common around the world and visible much more often than rainbows (of any order),[57] yet are unrelated to rainbows.
Circumhorizontal and circumzenithal arcs
A circumhorizontal arc (bottom), below a circumscribed halo
Circumzenithal arc
The circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs are two related optical phenomena similar in appearance to a rainbow, but unlike the latter, their origin lies in light refraction through hexagonal ice crystals rather than liquid water droplets. This means that they are not rainbows, but members of the large family of halos.
Both arcs are brightly coloured ring segments centred on the zenith, but in different positions in the sky: The circumzenithal arc is notably curved and located high above the Sun (or Moon) with its convex side pointing downwards (creating the impression of an 'upside down rainbow'); the circumhorizontal arc runs much closer to the horizon, is more straight and located at a significant distance below the Sun (or Moon). Both arcs have their red side pointing towards the sun and their violet part away from it, meaning the circumzenithal arc is red on the bottom, while the circumhorizontal arc is red on top.[58][59]
The circumhorizontal arc is sometimes referred to by the misnomer 'fire rainbow'. In order to view it, the Sun or Moon must be at least 58° above the horizon, making it a rare occurrence at higher latitudes. The circumzenithal arc, visible only at a solar or lunar elevation of less than 32°, is much more common, but often missed since it occurs almost directly overhead.
Rainbows on Titan
It has been suggested that rainbows might exist on Saturn's moon Titan, as it has a wet surface and humid clouds. The radius of a Titan rainbow would be about 49° instead of 42°, because the fluid in that cold environment is methane instead of water. Although visible rainbows may be rare due to Titan's hazy skies, infrared rainbows may be more common, but an observer would need infrared night vision goggles to see them.[60]
Rainbows with different materials
A first order rainbow from water (left) and a sugar solution (right).
Droplets (or spheres) composed of materials with different refractive indices than plain water produce rainbows with different radius angles. Since salt water has a higher refractive index, a sea spray bow doesn't perfectly align with the ordinary rainbow, if seen at the same spot.[61] Tiny plastic or glass marbles may be used in road marking as a reflectors to enhance its visibility by drivers at night. Due to a much higher refractive index, rainbows observed on such marbles have a noticeably smaller radius.[62] One can easily reproduce such phenomena by sprinkling liquids of different refractive indices in the air, as illustrated in the photo.
The displacement of the rainbow due to different refractive indices can be pushed to a peculiar limit. For a material with a refractive index larger than 2, there is no angle fulfilling the requirements for the first order rainbow. For example, the index of refraction of diamond is about 2.4, so diamond spheres would produce rainbows starting from the second order, omitting the first order. In general, as the refractive index exceeds a number n+1, where n is a natural number, the critical incidence angle for n times internally reflected rays escapes the domain [0,Ï2]{displaystyle [0,{frac {pi }{2}}]}. This results in a rainbow of the n-th order shrinking to the antisolar point and vanishing.
Scientific history
The classical Greek scholar Aristotle (384â322 BC) was first to devote serious attention to the rainbow.[63] According to Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, 'Despite its many flaws and its appeal to Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries. After Aristotle's death, much rainbow theory consisted of reaction to his work, although not all of this was uncritical.'[64]
In Book I of Naturales Quaestiones (c. 65 AD), the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger discusses various theories of the formation of rainbows extensively, including those of Aristotle. He notices that rainbows appear always opposite to the sun, that they appear in water sprayed by a rower, in the water spat by a fuller on clothes stretched on pegs or by water sprayed through a small hole in a burst pipe. He even speaks of rainbows produced by small rods (virgulae) of glass, anticipating Newton's experiences with prisms. He takes into account two theories: one, that the rainbow is produced by the sun reflecting in each water drop, the other, that it is produced by the sun reflected in a cloud shaped like a concave mirror; he favours the latter. He also discusses other phenomena related to rainbows: the mysterious 'virgae' (rods), halos and parhelia.[65]
According to Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, the Arab physicist and polymathIbn al-Haytham (Alhazen; 965â1039), attempted to provide a scientific explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. In his Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah (On the Rainbow and Halo), al-Haytham 'explained the formation of rainbow as an image, which forms at a concave mirror. If the rays of light coming from a farther light source reflect to any point on axis of the concave mirror, they form concentric circles in that point. When it is supposed that the sun as a farther light source, the eye of viewer as a point on the axis of mirror and a cloud as a reflecting surface, then it can be observed the concentric circles are forming on the axis.'[66] He was not able to verify this because his theory that 'light from the sun is reflected by a cloud before reaching the eye' did not allow for a possible experimental verification.[67] This explanation was later repeated by Averroes,[66] and, though incorrect, provided the groundwork for the correct explanations later given by KamÄl al-DÄ«n al-FÄrisÄ« (1267â1319) and Theodoric of Freiberg (c.1250â1310).[68]
Ibn al-Haytham's contemporary, the Persian philosopher and polymath Ibn SÄ«nÄ (Avicenna; 980â1037), provided an alternative explanation, writing 'that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn SÄ«nÄ would change the place not only of the bow, but also of the colour formation, holding the iridescence to be merely a subjective sensation in the eye.'[69] This explanation, however, was also incorrect.[66] Ibn SÄ«nÄ's account accepts many of Aristotle's arguments on the rainbow.[70]
In Song Dynasty China (960â1279), a polymath scholar-official named Shen Kuo (1031â1095) hypothesisedâas a certain Sun Sikong (1015â1076) did before himâthat rainbows were formed by a phenomenon of sunlight encountering droplets of rain in the air.[71] Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric refraction 'is basically in accord with modern scientific principles.'[72]
According to Nader El-Bizri, the Persian astronomer, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236â1311), gave a fairly accurate explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. This was elaborated on by his student, KamÄl al-DÄ«n al-FÄrisÄ« (1267â1319), who gave a more mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow. He 'proposed a model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two refractions.' An experiment with a water-filled glass sphere was conducted and al-Farisi showed the additional refractions due to the glass could be ignored in his model.[67] As he noted in his Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of the Optics), al-Farisi used a large clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a controlled aperture for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deduced through several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colours of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light.
In Europe, Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics was translated into Latin and studied by Robert Grosseteste. His work on light was continued by Roger Bacon, who wrote in his Opus Majus of 1268 about experiments with light shining through crystals and water droplets showing the colours of the rainbow.[73] In addition, Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow. He stated that the rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42° above the horizon.[74]Theodoric of Freiberg is known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting that 'when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays undergo two refractions (upon ingress and egress) and one reflection (at the back of the drop) before transmission into the eye of the observer.'[75][76] He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar analysis involving two refractions and two reflections.
René Descartes' sketch of how primary and secondary rainbows are formed
Descartes' 1637 treatise, Discourse on Method, further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with a derivation of the law of refraction (subsequently to, but independently of, Snell) and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. His explanation of the colours, however, was based on a mechanical version of the traditional theory that colours were produced by a modification of white light.[77][78] Artcut software for cutting plotter.
Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light was composed of the light of all the colours of the rainbow, which a glass prism could separate into the full spectrum of colours, rejecting the theory that the colours were produced by a modification of white light. He also showed that red light is refracted less than blue light, which led to the first scientific explanation of the major features of the rainbow.[79] Newton's corpuscular theory of light was unable to explain supernumerary rainbows, and a satisfactory explanation was not found until Thomas Young realised that light behaves as a wave under certain conditions, and can interfere with itself.
Young's work was refined in the 1820s by George Biddell Airy, who explained the dependence of the strength of the colours of the rainbow on the size of the water droplets.[80] Modern physical descriptions of the rainbow are based on Mie scattering, work published by Gustav Mie in 1908.[81] Advances in computational methods and optical theory continue to lead to a fuller understanding of rainbows. For example, Nussenzveig provides a modern overview.[82]
Experiments
Round bottom flask rainbow demonstration experiment - Johnson 1882
Experiments on the rainbow phenomenon using artificial raindrops, i.e. water-filled spherical flasks, go back at least to Theodoric of Freiberg in the 14th century. Later, also Descartes studied the phenomenon using a Florence flask. A flask experiment known as Florence's rainbow is still often used today as an imposing and intuitively accessible demonstration experiment of the rainbow phenomenon.[83][84][85] It consists in illuminating (with parallel white light) a water-filled spherical flask through a hole in a screen. A rainbow will then appear thrown back / projected on the screen, provided the screen is large enough. Due to the finite wall thickness and the macroscopic character of the artificial raindrop, several subtle differences exist as compared to the natural phenomenon,[86][87] including slightly changed rainbow angles and a splitting of the rainbow orders.
A very similar experiment consists in using a cylindrical glass vessel filled with water or a solid transparent cylinder and illuminated either parallel to the circular base (i.e. light rays remaining at a fixed height while they transit the cylinder)[88][89] or under an angle to the base. Under these latter conditions the rainbow angles change relative to the natural phenomenon since the effective index of refraction of water changes (Bravais' index of refraction for inclined rays applies).[86][87]
Other experiments use small liquid drops,[52][53] see text above.
Culture
Depiction of the rainbow in the Book of Genesis
Rainbows occur frequently in mythology, and have been used in the arts. One of the earliest literary occurrences of a rainbow is in the Book of Genesis chapter 9, as part of the flood story of Noah, where it is a sign of God's covenant to never destroy all life on earth with a global flood again. In Norse mythology, the rainbow bridge Bifröst connects the world of men (Midgard) and the realm of the gods (Asgard). Cuchavira was the god of the rainbow for the Muisca in present-day Colombia and when the regular rains on the Bogotá savanna were over, the people thanked him offering gold, snails and small emeralds. The Irish leprechaun's secret hiding place for his pot of gold is usually said to be at the end of the rainbow. This place is appropriately impossible to reach, because the rainbow is an optical effect which cannot be approached.
Rainbows sometimes appear in heraldry too, even if its characteristic of multiple colours doesn't really fit into the usual heraldic style.
Rainbow flags have been used for centuries. It was a symbol of the Cooperative movement in the German Peasants' War in the 16th century, of peace in Italy, and of gay pride and LGBT social movements since the 1970s. In 1994, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and President Nelson Mandela described newly democratic post-apartheid South Africa as the rainbow nation. The rainbow has also been used in technology product logos, including the Apple computer logo. Many political alliances spanning multiple political parties have called themselves a 'Rainbow Coalition'.
See alsoNotes
References
External links
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainbow&oldid=897779179'
(Redirected from Rainbow band)
A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that appears as a multicolored arc that forms with the sunlight reflecting off water.
Rainbow may also refer to:
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